Assembly

Human-readable representation of machine code — the lowest-level language above raw binary, essential for OS kernels, firmware, and reverse engineering.

untyped assembled since 1947 imperativelow-levelsystems

Assembly language maps one-to-one to CPU instructions, giving complete control over registers, memory, and hardware. While rarely used for full applications today, it remains essential for boot loaders, hardware drivers, crypto primitives, and performance-critical hot paths. Popular assemblers include NASM (x86), GAS (GNU), and LLVM’s integrated assembler.

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